Microplásticos en aguas subterráneas de dos comunidades rurales en México
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-2026-03-03Keywords:
Agua subterránea, contaminación del agua, plásticos, agua potable, zona rural, MéxicoAbstract
El agua subterránea es utilizada por casi dos mil millones de personas en el mundo. La contaminación por microplásticos (MP) está presente en todos los ambientes, pero los estudios sobre MP en aguas subterráneas son escasos; por ello, este estudio evaluó la cantidad y tipos de MP presentes en diez pozos rurales de donde se extrae agua potable para dos comunidades rurales mexicanas. En cada pozo se tomaron dos muestras al mes por 10 meses: una para evaluar deposición aérea de MP, de agua superficial (primeros 5 cm de profundidad), y otra de agua sin contacto con el aire (de 3 a 5 m de profundidad). No hubo diferencias entre las comunidades en el número promedio de MP para ambos tipos de muestras. Los MP midieron entre 2 100 y 4 400 μm de longitud. El 100 % de los MP encontrados fueron fragmentos. En ambas comunidades la abundancia de colores coincidió: negro > blanco > azul > verde > gris. Los polímeros identificados fueron nailon, HDPE, PP, PS, PVC y PET. No hubo diferencias en la abundancia de MP por deposición aérea en secas y lluvias; sin embargo, en aguas profundas se presentó mayor abundancia (p < 0.05) en la época de secas (0.41 MP/l), lo que indica que el agua de lluvia diluye este tipo de contaminación (0.25 MP/l). Ixtacuixtla y Xocoyucan, México, no gestionan adecuadamente sus residuos sólidos urbanos y aguas residuales, lo que genera contaminación plástica en los mantos acuíferos de la región, representando un riesgo para la salud humana.
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