Evaluación de la eliminación de carbamazepina de aguas residuales de hospital en un biofiltro no convencional y aplicación de electro-oxidación como pretratamiento
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-15-02-03Keywords:
biofiltración no convencional de contaminantes emergentes, soportes naturales para remoción de fármacos, astillas de madera y tezontle para remoción de fármacos, electro-oxidación contaminantes emergentes, aguas residuales de hospitalAbstract
Las aguas residuales hospitalarias (ARH) contienen fármacos que ocasionan efectos a la salud y el ambiente. Para este estudio se seleccionó la carbamazepina (CBZ) como contaminante modelo para evaluar la eficiencia de remoción de fármacos en un biofiltro no convencional (BF) empacado con astillas de madera (Prosopis) y roca porosa (tezontle). La electro-oxidación (EO) como pretratamiento también se evaluó. Se hizo crecer una biopelícula en el BF adaptada al ARH. Posteriormente, el ARH se enriqueció con altas concentraciones de CBZ (1 000 y 10 000 µg/l). La biomasa del BF no fue inhibida por estas concentraciones de CBZ, ya que la eficiencia de remoción de DQO (73 %) y NH4+-N (99 %) permanecieron constantes. El BF mostró una importante eliminación de CBZ por adsorción durante el arranque. La cama filtrante tuvo una capacidad de adsorción de 19.84 µg/g (Co = 10 000 µg/l). Después de la saturación del material filtrante, y operando en estado estable, el BF eliminó el 17.2 ± 7.4 % de CBZ por biotransformación, equivalente a 1 551 ± 664 µg/l de concentración. Esto es mayor que la concentración en la mayoría de los reportes para efluentes de ARH, AR municipales y AR farmacéuticas, que se encuentran entre 0.1 y 890 µg/l. Cuando se aplicó la EO como pretratamiento, la eficiencia de eliminación de CBZ aumentó a 55 ± 5.9 %. En este sistema híbrido, en la EO se biotransformó la CBZ y en el BF se removieron el nitrógeno y la DQO, y presentó desorción de CBZ.
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