Evaluación integral de la calidad del agua potable en la comunidad de Bacerac, Sonora, México
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-2026-03-06Palabras clave:
calidad del agua, agua potable, salud pública, gestión de recursos hídricos, abastecimiento de agua, contaminación del agua, saneamiento, MéxicoResumen
El acceso al agua potable de calidad es fundamental para la salud pública. Este estudio evalúa la calidad del agua en Bacerac, Sonora, considerando su variabilidad estacional y cumplimiento con la NOM-127-SSA1-2021. Se realizó un muestreo durante un año en distintos puntos de abastecimiento, analizando parámetros fisicoquímicos, microbiológicos y elementos potencialmente tóxicos (EPT). Los resultados indican que el 39.28 % de las muestras presentó un pH fuera del rango permisible (6.5-8.5), mientras que el 37.5 % mostró una dureza superior a 500 ppm como CaCO₃, lo que afecta su potabilidad y uso doméstico. La contaminación microbiológica fue evidente en el 62.5 y 16.07 % de las muestras, donde se detectaron coliformes totales y fecales, respectivamente. A pesar de que las concentraciones de arsénico y plomo estuvieron por debajo de los límites normativos, su detección sugiere un riesgo potencial debido a la exposición crónica. Un hallazgo crítico fue la ausencia de cloro residual libre en todas las muestras; ello indica la falta de desinfección en el sistema de distribución y aumenta el riesgo sanitario. Ante tal situación, se recomienda la implementación de medidas correctivas, como la instalación de sistemas de tratamiento y monitoreo continuo. Este estudio resalta la necesidad de una gestión integral del recurso hídrico para garantizar su calidad y proteger la salud de la población.
Referencias
Adejumo, R. O., Adagunodo, T. A., Bility, H., Lukman, A. F., & Isibor, P. O. (2018). Physicochemical constituents of groundwater and its quality in crystalline bedrock, Nigeria. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(8), 887-903. https://iaeme.com/Home/article_id/IJCIET_09_08_090
Adimalla, N. (2019). Groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes and potential health risks assessment: A case study from semi-arid region of South India. Exposure and Health, 11(2), 109-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-018-0288-8
Adnani, I. E., Younsi, A., Namr, K. I., El-Achheb, A., & Irzan, E. M. (2020). Assessment of seasonal and spatial variation of groundwater quality in the coastal Sahel of Doukkala, Morocco. Nature Environment & Pollution Technology, 19(1), 17-28 https://neptjournal.com/upload-images/(2)D-949-ap.pdf
Ahmed, H. S. (2025). Inferential statistics for cardiothoracic surgeons: Part 3 - drawing valid conclusions from clinical data. Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 41(2), 233-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12055-024-01867-7
Alarcón-Herrera, M. T., Martin-Alarcon, D. A., Gutiérrez, M., Reynoso-Cuevas, L., Martín-Domínguez, A., Olmos-Márquez, M. A., & Bundschuh, J. (2020). Co-occurrence, possible origin, and health-risk assessment of arsenic and fluoride in drinking water sources in Mexico: Geographical data visualization. Science of the Total Environment, 698, 134168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134168
Anyanwu, I. N., Ezema, E. A., Sowechi, E., Nwajiuba, C. A., Nworie, O., N., & Anorue, C. O. (2021). Seasonal variation in water quality, plankton diversity and microbial load of tropical freshwater lakes in Nigeria. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 46(4), 414-427. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2021.1931000
Armienta, M. A., & Segovia, N. (2008). Arsenic and fluoride in the groundwater of Mexico. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 30(4), 345-353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-008-9167-8
Auge, M. P. (2006). Agua subterránea, deterioro de calidad y reserva. Argentina: Universidad de Buenos Aires. https://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/15908
Barragán, J. M., Cuesta, L. D., & Susa, M. R. (2021). Quantitative microbial risk assessment to estimate the public health risk from exposure to enterotoxigenic E. coli in drinking water in the rural area of Villapinzon, Colombia. Microbial Risk Analysis, 18, 100173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mran.2021.100173
Binet, S., Charlier, J.-B., Jozja, N., Défarge, C., & Moquet, J.-S. (2022). Evidence of long-term biogeochemical interactions in carbonate weathering: The role of planktonic microorganisms and riverine bivalves in a large fluviokarst system. Science of the Total Environment, 842, 156823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156823
Bivins, A. W., Sumner, T., Kumpel, E., Howard, G., Cumming, O., Ross, I., Nelson, K., & Brown, J. (2017). Estimating infection risks and the global burden of diarrheal disease attributable to intermittent water supply using QMRA. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(13), 7542-7551. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01014
Boadi, N. O., Saah, S. A., Baa-Poku, F., Mensah, E. A., & Addo, M. (2020). Safety of borehole water as an alternative drinking water source. Scientific African, 10, e00657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00657
Boochs, P. W., Billib, M., Gutiérrez, C., & Aparicio, J. (2014). Groundwater contamination with arsenic, Región Lagunera, México. In: One century of the discovery of arsenicosis in Latin America (1914-2014): As2014 (pp. 132-134). https://doi.org/10.1201/b16767-50
Brindha, K., & Schneider, M. (2019). Chapter 13. Impact of urbanization on groundwater quality. In: Venkatramanan, S., Prasanna, M. V., & Chung, S. Y. (eds.). GIS and geostatistical techniques for groundwater science (pp. 179-196). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815413-7.00013-4
Cely-Calixto, N. J., Carrillo-Soto, G. A., & Bonilla-Granados, C. A. (2022). Fundamentos de la contaminación de aguas subterráneas. Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander-Universidad de Pamplona. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384868055_FUNDAMENTOS_DE_LA_CONTAMINACION_DE_AGUAS_SUBTERRANEAS
Chen, D., Wang, Y., Lan, Z., Li, J., Xing, W., Hu, S., & Bai, Y. (2015). Biotic community shifts explain the contrasting responses of microbial and root respiration to experimental soil acidification. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 90, 139-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.08.009
Cherry, J. A., & Freeze, R. A. (1979). Groundwater. Englewood Cliffs, USA: Prentice-Hall.
Cho, K. H., Pachepsky, Y. A., Kim, M., Pyo, J., Park, M.-H., Kim, Y. M., Kim, J.-W., & Kim, J. H. (2016). Modeling seasonal variability of fecal coliform in natural surface waters using the modified SWAT. Journal of Hydrology, 535, 377-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.01.084
Conagua, Comisión Nacional del Agua (2015). Determinación de la disponibilidad de agua en el acuífero 2631 río Bavispe, estado Sonora. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/104326/DR_2631.pdf
Deborde, M., & von Gunten, U. (2008). Reactions of chlorine with inorganic and organic compounds during water treatment—Kinetics and mechanisms: A critical review. Water Research, 42(1), 13-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.025
Dietrich, A. M., & Burlingame, G. A. (2020). A review: The challenge, consensus, and confusion of describing odors and tastes in drinking water. Science of the Total Environment, 713, 135061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135061
Diwan, V. (2025). The impacts of drought on the available water quality. In: Water sustainability and hydrological extremes (pp. 255-274). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-21499-8.00013-1
Dupont, M. C., Martinez-Tavera, E., Rodriguez-Espinosa, P. F., Hernandez-Ramirez, A. G., & Guadarrama Guzmán, P. (2024). Sediment analysis and water quality assessment in the Pixquiac basin: Drinking water supply of Xalapa city (Veracruz, Mexico). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(8), 687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12841-6
El-Alfy, M., Lashin, A., Al-Arifi, N., & Al-Bassam, A. (2015). Groundwater characteristics and pollution assessment using integrated hydrochemical investigations GIS and multivariate geostatistical techniques in arid areas. Water Resources Management, 29(15), 5593-5612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-015-1136-2
EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2017). Analytical methods approved for drinking water compliance monitoring under the long term 2 enhanced surface water treatment rule. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=P100TCKZ.txt
EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2018). SW-846 test method 6010D: Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-test-method-6010d-inductively-coupled-plasma-optical-emission-spectrometry-icp-oes
EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2024). Basic information about lead in drinking water. https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/basic-information-about-lead-drinking-water
Farasat, Z., Panahi, R., & Mokhtarani, B. (2017). Time course study of coagulation-flocculation process using aluminum sulfate. Water Conservation and Management, 1(2), 7-9. https://doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2017.07.09
Fish, K. E., Reeves-McLaren, N., Husband, S., & Boxall, J. (2020). Uncharted waters: The unintended impacts of residual chlorine on water quality and biofilms. npj Biofilms and Microbiomes, 6(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-020-00144-w
Galdos-Balzategui, A., Carmona-de-la-Torre, J., Sánchez-Pérez, H. J., Morales-López, J. J., Torres-Dosal, A., & Gómez-Urbina, S. (2017). Evaluación cuantitativa del riesgo microbiológico por consumo de agua en San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, México. Tecnología y ciencias del agua, 8(1), 133-153. https://doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-2017-01-10
Gaviria-Montoya, L., Pino-Gómez, M., & Soto-Córdoba, S. M. (2020). Risk associated with the water infrastructure in rural water suppliers in Turrialba Cartago, Costa Rica. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 6(4), 56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-020-00410-x
Hamoda, M. F. (2021). Water quality and its impact on health care in the Arab world. In: Handbook of healthcare in the Arab world (pp. 1437-1461). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36811-1_61
Harvey, P. J., Handley, H. K., & Taylor, M. P. (2015). Identification of the sources of metal (lead) contamination in drinking waters in north-eastern Tasmania using lead isotopic compositions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(16), 12276-12288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4349-2
Harvey, P. J., Handley, H. K., & Taylor, M. P. (2016). Widespread copper and lead contamination of household drinking water, New South Wales, Australia. Environmental Research, 151, 275-285. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.041
Hernández, A. F., & Tsatsakis, A. M. (2017). Human exposure to chemical mixtures: Challenges for the integration of toxicology with epidemiology data in risk assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 103, 188-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.012
Huat, T. J., Camats-Perna, J., Newcombe, E. A., Valmas, N., Kitazawa, M., & Medeiros, R. (2019). Metal toxicity links to alzheimer's disease and neuroinflammation. Journal of Molecular Biology, 431(9), 1843-1868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.018
Inafed, Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. (2010). Estado de Sonora (Vol. 1). México, DF, México: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal.
INEGI, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. (2010). Bacerac, Sonora clave geoestadística 26010 (Vol. 1). https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/app/mexicocifras/datos_geograficos/26/26010.pdf
Iordache, A., & Woinaroschy, A. (2020). Analysis of the efficiency of water treatment process with chlorine. Environmental Engineering & Management Journal (EEMJ), 19(8). https://doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2020.124
Jan, A. T., Azam, M., Siddiqui, K., Ali, A., Choi, I., & Haq, Q. M. R. (2015). Heavy metals and human health: Mechanistic insight into toxicity and counter defense system of antioxidants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(12), 29592-29630. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226183
Johannesson, K. H., Yang, N., Trahan, A. S., Telfeyan, K., Jade-Mohajerin, T., Adebayo, S. B., Akintomide, O. A., Chevis, D. A., Datta, S., & White, C. D. (2019). Biogeochemical and reactive transport modeling of arsenic in ground waters from the Mississippi River delta plain: An analog for the As-affected aquifers of South and Southeast Asia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 264, 245-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.07.032
Jomova, K., Alomar, S. Y., Nepovimova, E., Kuca, K., & Valko, M. (2024). Heavy metals: Toxicity and human health effects. Archives of Toxicology, 99, 153-209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-024-03903-2
Kalt, P., Birzer, C., Evans, H., Liew, A., Padovan, M., & Watchman, M. (2014). A solar disinfection water treatment system for remote communities. Procedia Engineering, 78, 250-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.07.064
Karangoda, R. C., & Nanayakkara, K. G. N. (2023). Spatial analysis of groundwater hardness, electrical conductivity, pH, and underlying causes for variations in Ratnapura District, Sri Lanka. ACS ES&T Water, 3(6), 1584-1594. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.2c00288
Khalid, S., Shahid, M., Natasha, Shah, A. H., Saeed, F., Ali, M., Qaisrani, S. A., & Dumat, C. (2020). Heavy metal contamination and exposure risk assessment via drinking groundwater in Vehari, Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(32), 39852-39864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10106-6
Kim, J.-J., Kim, Y.-S., & Kumar, V. (2019). Heavy metal toxicity: An update of chelating therapeutic strategies. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 54, 226-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.05.003
Lai, Q., Ma, J., Du, W., Luo, Y., Ji, D., & He, F. (2023). Analysis of the source tracing and pollution characteristics of Rainfall Runoff in adjacent new and old urban areas. Water, 15(17), 3018. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173018
Li, C., Liu, C., Xu, W., Han, Y., Gao, Z., Bing, Y., Li, Q., & Yu, J. (2024). Control approach and evaluation framework of scaling in drinking water distribution systems: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 948, 174836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174836
López-Porras, G., & Allard, P. (2025). Making waves: Public health risks from arsenic in Mexico's water extraction practices. Water Research X, 26, Article 100283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wroa.2024.100283
Luzardo, O. P., Henríquez-Hernández, L. A., Zumbado, M., & Boada, L. D. (2014). Impacto de las instalaciones ganaderas sobre la calidad y seguridad del agua subterránea. Revista de Toxicología, 31(1), 39-46. https://rev.aetox.es/wp/index.php/311-6/
Moreira, N. A., & Bondelind, M. (2016). Safe drinking water and waterborne outbreaks. Journal of Water and Health, 15(1), 83-96. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.103
Murphy, H., Prioleau, M., Borchardt, M., & Hynds, P. (2017). Epidemiological evidence of groundwater contribution to global enteric disease, 1948–2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1543-y
Nabeela, F., Azizullah, A., Bibi, R., Uzma, S., Murad, W., Shakir, S. K., Ullah, W., Qasim, M., & Häder, D.-P. (2014). Microbial contamination of drinking water in Pakistan—A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(24), 13929-13942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3348-z
Nibi, K. V., Devidas, A. R., Ramesh, M. V., Sathvik, D., Janvi, P., Sreeja, K. D. N. V., & Thadathil, S. P. (2023). Impact analysis of contamination and sensor placement in water distribution network in Kochi, India. In: 2023 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI). https://doi.org/10.1109/SOLI60636.2023.10425140
Nyakundi, R., Nyadawa, M., & Mwangi, J. (2022). Effect of recharge and abstraction on groundwater levels. Civil Engineering Journal, 8(5), 910-925. https://doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-05-05
Onyutha, C., & Kwio-Tamale, J. C. (2022). Modelling chlorine residuals in drinking water: a review. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19(11), 11613-11630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-03924-3
Paulus, P. T., Kgabi, N. A., & Mukendwa, H. (2024). Using geochemical assessments for basin-wide monitoring of groundwater quality and quantity: Case of Omaruru–Swakop Basin. In: Suriyanarayanan, S., Shivaraju, H. P., & Jenkins,D. (eds.). Water management in developing countries and sustainable development (pp. 397-421). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8639-2_20
Phiri, D. B., Bavumiragira, J. P., & Yin, H. (2023). Efficacy of solar water disinfection treatment system in improving rural and peri-urban household drinking water quality and reducing waterborne diarrhoeal diseases. AQUA - Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 72(7), 1288-1308. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2023.086
Pulido, H. G., De-la-Vara-Salazar, R., González, P. G., Martínez, C. T., & Pérez, M. D. C. T. (2012). Análisis y diseño de experimentos. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill.
Real-Water. (2022). Technological innovations for rural water supply in low-resource settings. https://www.globalwaters.org/sites/default/files/4dec_technological_innovations.pdf
Rehman, K., Fatima, F., Waheed, I., & Akash, M. S. H. (2018). Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 119(1), 157-184. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.26234
Rodríguez, H. D. (2017). Intoxicación ocupacional por metales pesados. MEDISAN, 21, 3372-3385. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1029-30192017001200012&nrm=iso
Romero-Mujalli, G., Hartmann, J., Börker, J., Gaillardet, J., & Calmels, D. (2019). Ecosystem controlled soil-rock pCO2 and carbonate weathering – Constraints by temperature and soil water content. Chemical Geology, 527, 118634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.01.030
Rosborg, I., Soni, V., & Kozisek, F. (2015). Potentially toxic elements in drinking water in alphabetic order. In: Rosborg, I. (ed.). Drinking Water minerals and mineral balance: Importance, health significance, safety precautions (pp. 79-101). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09593-6_5
Roy, S., & Edwards, M. A. (2019). Preventing another lead (Pb) in drinking water crisis: Lessons from the Washington D.C. and Flint MI contamination events. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 7, 34-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2018.10.002
Rubenowitz-Lundin, E., & Hiscock, K. M. (2013). Water hardness and health effects. In: Selinus, O. (ed.). Essentials of medical geology: Revised edition (pp. 337-350). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4375-5_14
Sakomoto, T., Lutaaya, M., & Abraham, E. (2020). Managing water quality in intermittent supply systems: The case of Mukono Town, Uganda. Water (Switzerland), 12(3), Article 806. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030806
Sánchez, C. C. (2018). Enfermedades infecciosas relacionadas con el agua en el Perú. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública, 35, 309-316. https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2018.352.3761
Secretaría de Economía. (2015). NMX-AA-115-SCFI-2015, análisis de agua - Criterios generales para el control de la calidad de resultados analíticos. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/166150/nmx-aa-115-scfi-2015.pdf
Secretaría de Economía. (2016). NMX-AA-051-SCFI-2016, análisis de agua.-medición de metales por absorción atómica en aguas naturales, potables, residuales y residuales tratadas, método de prueba. http://www.economia-nmx.gob.mx/normas/nmx/2010/nmx-aa-051-scfi-2016.pdf
Secretaría de Salud. (1994). NOM-014-SSA1-1993, Procedimientos sanitarios para el muestreo de agua para uso y consumo humano en sistemas de abastecimiento de agua públicos y privados. https://www.comapareynosa.gob.mx/resources/other/reglamentos/NOM-014-SSA1-1993.pdf
Secretaría de Salud. (2021). NOM-127-SSA1-2021, Agua para uso y consumo humano. Límites permisibles de calidad de agua. https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle_popup.php?codigo=5650705
Seymour, I., O’Sullivan, B., Lovera, P., Rohan, J. F., & O’Riordan, A. (2020). Electrochemical detection of free-chlorine in Water samples facilitated by in-situ pH control using interdigitated microelectrodes. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 325, 128774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128774
Sharma, S., Nagpal, A. K., & Kaur, I. (2019). Appraisal of heavy metal contents in groundwater and associated health hazards posed to human population of Ropar wetland, Punjab, India and its environs. Chemosphere, 227, 179-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.009
Shoqeir, J. (2019). Assessment of vulnerability and risk mapping at Marsaba-Feshcha catchment. In: Chaminé, H., Barbieri, M., Kisi, O., Chen, M., & Merkel, B. (eds.). Advances in sustainable and environmental hydrology, hydrogeology, hydrochemistry and water resources. CAJG 2018. Advances in science, technology & innovation. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01572-5_65
Shridhar, K., Aggarwal, A., & Mani, S. K. (2024). Public health approaches for prevention and control of water-related diseases (SDG 3). In: Water matters: Achieving the sustainable development goals (pp. 159-170). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15537-6.00013-6
Sinsinwar, R. S., & Verma, M. (2023). Analysis of pH value of water for treatment plant of Kekri and Surajpura (Rajasthan) India. Evergreen, 10(1), 324-328. https://doi.org/10.5109/6781087
Skoog, D. A., West, D. M., & Holler, J. (2015). Fundamentos de química analítica (9ª ed.). México, DF, México: Cengage Learning Editores.
Tanzeel, K., Muhammad, A. M., Gohram, M., & Rabia, A. (2022). Comparative analysis of bacterial contamination in tap and groundwater: A case study on water quality of Quetta City, an arid zone in Pakistan. Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 10(2), 153-165. https://doi.org/10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2022.02.005
Tilak, A., & Arivazhahan, A. (2022). Non-parametric Tests. In: Lakshmanan, M., Shewade, D. G., & Raj, G. M. (eds.). Introduction to basics of pharmacology and toxicology (Vol. 3): Experimental Pharmacology: Research Methodology and Biostatistics (pp. 889-896). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5343-9_62
United Nations. (2023). SDG 6 snapshot in Mexico. https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Mexico
Viñas, V., Malm, A., & Pettersson, T. J. R. (2019). Overview of microbial risks in water distribution networks and their health consequences: Quantification, modelling, trends, and future implications. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 46(3), 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2018-0216
Viñas, V., Sokolova, E., Malm, A., Bergstedt, O., & Pettersson, T. J. R. (2022). Cross-connections in drinking water distribution networks: Quantitative microbial risk assessment in combination with fault tree analysis and hydraulic modelling. Science of the Total Environment, 831, 154874. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154874
Voisin, J., Cournoyer, B., Vienney, A., & Mermillod-Blondin, F. (2018). Aquifer recharge with storm water runoff in urban areas: Influence of vadose zone thickness on nutrient and bacterial transfers from the surface of infiltration basins to groundwater. Science of the Total Environment, 637-638, 1496-1507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.094
Walsh, J. F., Hunt, R. J., Anderson, A. C., Owens, D. W., & Rice, N. (2024). Temporally dense monitoring of pathogen occurrence at four drinking-water well sites – Insights and Implications. Water Research, 259, 121809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.121809
Wang, A., Duncan, S. E., & Dietrich, A. M. (2016). Effect of iron on taste perception and emotional response of sweetened beverage under different water conditions. Food Quality and Preference, 54, 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.06.016
Wang, Z., Luo, P., Zha, X., Xu, C., Kang, S., Zhou, M., Nover, D., & Wang, Y. (2022). Overview assessment of risk evaluation and treatment technologies for heavy metal pollution of water and soil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 379, 134043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134043
Wasana, H. M. S., Perera, G. D. R. K., Gunawardena, P. D. S., Fernando, P. S., & Bandara, J. (2017). WHO water quality standards vs. synergic effect(s) of fluoride, heavy metals and hardness in drinking water on kidney tissues. Scientific Reports, 7, 42516. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42516
WHO, World Health Organization. (2022). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240045064
Wiebe, A. J., Rudolph, D. L., Pasha, E., Brook, J. M., Christie, M., & Menkveld, P. G. (2021). Impacts of event-based recharge on the vulnerability of public supply wells. Sustainability, 13(14), 7695. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147695
Wilson, R. E., Stoianov, I., & O’Hare, D. (2019). Continuous chlorine detection in drinking water and a review of new detection methods. Johnson Matthey Technology Review, 63(2), 103-118. https://doi.org/10.1595/205651318X15367593796080
Wyczółkowski, R., Piechowski, M., Gładysiak, V., & Jasiulewicz-Kaczmarek, M. (2019). The concept of intelligent chlorine dosing system in water supply distribution networks. In: Burduk, A., Chlebus, E., Nowakowski, T., Tubis, A. (eds). Intelligent systems in production engineering and maintenance. ISPEM 2018. Advances in intelligent systems and computing (Vol. 835). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97490-3_34
Xianwei, S., Sidan, L., Kun, S., Yang, G., & Xuefa, W. (2021). Flux and source of dissolved inorganic carbon in a headwater stream in a subtropical plantation catchment. Journal of Hydrology, 600, 126511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126511
Yousefi, M., Najafi-Saleh, H., Yaseri, M., Jalilzadeh, M., & Mohammadi, A. A. (2019). Association of consumption of excess hard water, body mass index and waist circumference with risk of hypertension in individuals living in hard and soft water areas. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 41(3), 1213-1221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0206-9
Zarić, G., Cocoli, S., Šarčević, D., Vještica, S., Prodanović, R., Puvača, N., & Carić, M. (2023). Escherichia coli as microbiological quality water indicator: A high importance for human and animal health: microbiological water quality. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 74(3), 6117-6124. https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.30878
Zhang, S., Tian, Y., Guo, Y., Shan, J., & Liu, R. (2021). Manganese release from corrosion products of cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems: Effect of water temperature, pH, alkalinity, SO42. Concentration and disinfectants. Chemosphere, 262, 127904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127904
Zheng, M., He, C., & He, Q. (2015). Fate of free chlorine in drinking water during distribution in premise plumbing. Ecotoxicology, 24(10), 2151-2155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-015-1544-3
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 Tecnología y ciencias del agua
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Por Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua se distribuye bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional. Basada en una obra en https://www.revistatyca.org.mx/. Permisos que vayan más allá de lo cubierto por esta licencia pueden encontrarse en Política editorial
