Efecto de factores ambientales en floraciones de cianobacterias y producción de cianotoxinas en agua dulce
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-2026-04-07Palabras clave:
ecosistema acuático, agua dulce, bacteria, eutroficación, toxicología, cambio climático, estudio bibliográficoResumen
En la actualidad, los ecosistemas acuáticos enfrentan amenazas crecientes por el cambio climático y las actividades antrópicas. La eutrofización favorece la proliferación de cianobacterias, capaces de producir cianotoxinas que alteran los ecosistemas y representan un riesgo para la salud pública. Su distribución, frecuencia e intensidad ha aumentado globalmente, despertando interés por comprender los factores ambientales que regulan su aparición. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática integradora de la literatura publicada entre 2020 y 2024, con el fin de analizar la influencia de las variables ambientales en las floraciones de cianobacterias y su relación con la producción de cianotoxinas, así como identificar vacíos de conocimiento y tendencias recientes en torno a la regulación genética de estos procesos. Para ello se utilizaron las bases Scopus, ScienceDirect y Google Académico, seleccionadas por su amplia cobertura temática y calidad editorial en ciencias ambientales. Aunque se ha establecido que las floraciones son más frecuentes en latitudes cálidas, se encontró que algunas especies proliferan también en aguas frías. La producción de toxinas no siempre se relaciona con la densidad celular, sino con la expresión de genes toxigénicos sensibles a la temperatura y disponibilidad de nutrientes. En contraste, parámetros como la radiación solar han sido menos estudiados, a pesar de evidencias que sugieren que, junto con temperaturas elevadas, podrían inducir la síntesis de cianotoxinas. La revisión destaca la necesidad de abordar estos factores subestimados para anticipar escenarios futuros bajo el contexto del cambio climático.
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