Efectos de levonorgestrel como contaminante de preocupación emergente en el agua: una revisión
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-2026-04-04Palabras clave:
contaminación del agua, agua residual, tratamiento del agua, producto farmacéutico, levonorgestrel, medio ambiente acuático, higiene ambiental, estudio bibliográficoResumen
La contaminación del agua constituye un riesgo significativo para la salud humana y para los ecosistemas acuáticos. Entre los contaminantes presentes en este recurso se encuentran los contaminantes de preocupación emergente (CPE), compuestos no regulados que, aun en bajas concentraciones, pueden generar efectos adversos en los organismos. Uno de ellos es el levonorgestrel (LNG), una progestina sintética ampliamente utilizada en medicina humana y veterinaria, cuya principal vía de ingreso al medio acuático es la descarga de aguas residuales, dado que cerca del 70 % del compuesto se excreta por orina y heces. El LNG ha sido detectado en cuerpos de agua de países como España, Canadá, México, Malasia y EUA, en concentraciones que varían entre 0.11 y 88 ng/l. A estos niveles puede causar masculinización en peces, alteraciones en talla y peso, y disrupciones en los ciclos reproductivos. Los procesos convencionales de tratamiento de agua resultan poco eficientes para su eliminación, lo que hace necesario recurrir a técnicas de filtración avanzada o a procesos avanzados de oxidación. Este trabajo presenta una revisión bibliográfica sobre el LNG como contaminante emergente, abordando sus características, su presencia en el ambiente, los efectos reportados en organismos acuáticos, las principales técnicas de detección y los procesos de remoción más estudiados.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Tecnología y ciencias del agua
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